Brain Death and Organ Donation in Children and Adults Essay -- Science

Brain Death and Organ Donation in Children and Adults Introduction Does one try to save a premature baby who has little chance of survival? When do doctors or family members decide to "pull the plug" on a loved one? When is organ donation the correct choice? Is this patient the one on which God will choose to perform a miracle? What about a postmortem delivery? Is it realistic to be able to have a child postmortem? These questions are difficult for any of us to answer - even more so if we are dealing with a situation in which we may have to answer one or more of these questions. Yet, for some of us, these questions are all too real. If someone is considered to be in a vegetative state and the doctor determines that they are not coming back, when do family members decide to let go? When do family members give up hope? These questions can only be answered once a person is faced with a situation where he or she needs to determine another's fate. All of the answers to the questions are personal answers and no one should judge another person for making a choice in a difficult situation. Decisions regarding organ donation and when an unconscious person has died or experienced brain death are very difficult decisions for the family to make, even with the help of medical professionals. Organ donation started in 1869 and since then the procedure has improved but doctors with unethical practices still, and always will, exist. After all of the improvements in adult organ donation, questions still remain about organ donation and anencephalic infants. Should these infants be treated as human beings, should they be allowed to donate their organs? What happens to any infant whose mother dies before delivery of the child? Def... ...tion? Works Cited Ackerman, Terrence. A Casebook of Medical Ethics. New York:Oxford UP, 1989. Gorman, Christine. "Are Animal Organs Safe for People." Time. 15 January 1996. Henderson, Allen. Get With It-Teen Perspectives on Donation. The Indiana Heart Institute. 1994. Humber, James M. Biomedical Ethics and the Law. 2nd Edition. New York: Plenum, 1979. Koukl, Gregory. "Babies as Organ Farms". L.A. Times. 8 June 1995. Lamb, David. Death, Brain Death and Ethics. Albany:New York UP, 1985. Mason, JK. Human Life and Medical Practice. Great Britain:Edinburgh UP, 1988. Neufeldt, Victoria. Webster's New World Dictionary. 3rd Edition. New York: Prentice Hall, 1991. Pothier, Richard. "Animal Tests Saved My Life." Newsweek. 1 February 1993. Stedman, Thomas Lathrop. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 24 Edition. Baltimore:Williams and Wilkins, 1982.

Quantitative and Qaulity Research

Quantitative & Qualitative Research COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Introduction This paper compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods in three basic areas. These are the of their: epistemological foundations, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. The paper ends with a brief summary of the primary points made. ComparisonGall, Borg and Gall (1996) discuss several similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. With respect to similarities, both kinds of research formulate epistemological positions regarding the nature of causation and reality and both comprise a set of methods for designing research, collecting data, analyzing data, and deriving information from data collection and analysis.However, they differ in terms of the epistemological positions they advocate and in the methods they hold to be appropriate for meaningful scientific inquiry. One primary difference between the t wo research methods according to Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) involves their epistemological assumptions about the nature that causality. The quantitative method, according to the authors, rests on a view of causation as an external, measurable force that occurs independently of the observer and can be used to explain diverse phenomena.On the other hand, the conceptual foundation of qualitative research holds that causation itself is predominately a human interpretive process. The foregoing assumptions have implications for how scientists should study reality. Quantitative research roots its methods of acquiring information in a view that holds that reality is external to the observer whereas the qualitative method grounds its methodological principles and practices in the notion of reality as an interpretative construct.This point has been discussed by Wainwright (1997) who states that typically qualitative research seeks to discover information about any given phenomenon by obtainin g an in-depth understanding of the meanings and definitions of the phenomenon that are conceptualized by informants; moreover, these need not be many informants; a simple case study of one individual is said to yield much given the subjective element of reality.Quantitative research, based on its assumptions of causation and reality, attempts to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon by measuring â€Å"it† in some fairly objective manner with results that can be established as valid by a set of formal scientific/methodological principles of inquiry and set criteria for reliability and validity. It seeks for results that are stable across time.Thus, while qualitative research aims at discovering how a very small collective interpret a phenomenon, quantitative research looks at some objective index of the phenomenon attempting to produce information that is stable and valid for large populations and samples. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) note that for some domains s uch as education, the existing knowledge base consists of information obtained by both quantitative and qualitative research.The authors point out that many research experts believe it is quite acceptable to use both kinds of research to collect information about a given phenomenon despite their differing assumptions—-provided that the two methods are assigned differing roles in terms of the contribution they make to understanding the phenomenon being studied. With respect to the foregoing, qualitative methods are assigned the role of intensively observing some small sample and conceptualizing possible themes, patterns, processes, and/or structures as being involved in the phenomenon of interest.Quantitative methods are then called upon to determine whether the conceptualized constructs are supportable or confirmed. For example, a quantitative study might be conducted of three special education students' responses to inclusion with possible patterns of response being conceptu alized based on this small sample. Quantitative methods would then be used to determine whether this pattern of response is present in a much larger collective of special education students.Thus, qualitative and quantitative research can be seen as working together in complementary fashion. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) report that the extent to which the two types of research can work to complement each other, in actual practice, is dependent on two contingencies. First, the phenomena being studied must be stable across time. Second, qualitative researchers must provide constructs that can be operationalized which is to say that can be measured in some objective way using a numerical system of some sort.If these conditions are satisfied, quantitative measures can then be used to support whether what is present at the individual or case level is also present for larger populations and samples. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) further report that some researchers do not believe the two resear ch approaches can actually work together in a complementary fashion; this because of their differing epistemological views of causation and reality — views which make for not only conceptual but also profound methodological differences.For example, quantitative research stipulates that a researcher must state what can be expected to be revealed by his data analysis based on existing research (hypothesis formulation and testing). Qualitative researchers, however, believe that theories and concepts are only meaningfully derived AFTER the data has been collected. Similarly, the two research types differ in the methods they use to derive meaningful information from the data. Quantitative methods hold that the data should be analyzed statistically while quantitative research holds that it should be analyzed using formal methods of reasoning and interpretation.Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) have also listed some of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods i n terms of the reports each side outputs following their investigations. In this regard, the authors state that the reports of quantitative research tend to be impersonal and objective write-ups of research findings. Qualitative research reports, on the other hand, are said to reflect the researcher's analytical reconstruction and interpretation of data provided to readers with an awareness that the readers themselves will, in fact, reinterpret what is reported.However, since it is likely that the epistemological structures of both research methods have some truth and some error in their epistemological frameworks, Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) state that it is quite possible that both methods can contribute valid data and so edify scientists' attempts to understand a given phenomena when used together in a complementary fashion. Given the foregoing, it seems reasonable to suggest that the determination as to whether a given researcher should use qualitative or quantitative methods, or use both conjointly, may depend upon the nature of information he desires and the use to which it shall be put.For example, Crowl (1996) states that if a researcher desires to focus on some complex issue and to use it in a pragmatic way, then it is wise to conduct research using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Both methods are said to provide a broader examination of the phenomenon and thus yield a fuller understanding of its complex structure. This broader look, in turn, is said to foster greater insight into the ways the information can be practically applied. Mertes (1998) states that there are certain kinds of information needs that are better suited to being answered using qualitative methods than quantitative methods.These are said to include: (1) the need to understand in detail why an individual does something; (2) the need to determine what aspects, components, or elements of a given issue or phenomenon are important and why they are important; (3) the need to i dentify a full range of responses or opinions existing in a given collective; and (4) the need to find areas of consensus in patterns of response. On the other hand, Mertes (1998) states that quantitative research is probably the best choice if there is a need to determine â€Å"how many† or to measure some volume-related characteristic of a collective.In other words, quantitative research should be used when there is an interest in how many people in a population have a particular characteristic or response. Further, Mertes (1998) reports that quantitative research is appropriate for measuring attitudes and behaviors, for profiling certain groups, and for formulating predictions. One particularly interesting point about qualitative and quantitative research methods is to note that the distinguishing characteristics are actual differences only to a certain extent.For example, McKereghan (1998) notes that qualitative and quantitative research can be distinguished in several wa ys and goes on to list some of these differences. Specifically, it is noted that quantitative research is objective; qualitative research is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws; qualitative research aims at in-depth description. Quantitative research measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality.It does not claim that what is discovered in the process is universal and, thus, replicable. However, what McKereghan (1998) points out is that when actual research studies are examined in methodological detail, they seldom fit the sharp clear models of differences that are provided in written discussions of the two research approaches. Rather, in most any given study, elements of quantitative and qualitative procedures can be found. Because of this, McKereghan argues that discussing research using this dichotomy may not be especially applicable to w hat actually goes on in the world of research.Thus, while the two methods can be distinguished, it is probably important to note that this clarity of distinction is present far more in theory than in practice. Finally, it can be noted that quantitative methods help to make generalizations to larger groups and follow a well-established and respected set of statistical procedures, of which the properties are well-understood. However, in terms of practice, there is again an important issue related to whether practice actually meets the standards set for this research approach.As noted by Gall, Borg and Gall (1996), many studies are designed poorly, i. e. , many studies cannot find a significant difference when one exists, due to insufficient sample sizes or to extremely small effect sizes. Further, quantitative methods are often misinterpreted. Summary In this paper's comparison of qualitative and quantitative research methods, several points were made. It was noted that the two resear ch approaches differ in terms of their epistemological positions on causation and reality and this in turn makes for a number of methodological differences in the approaches.For example, it was noted that qualitative research typically entails in-depth analysis of relatively few subjects for which a rich set of data is collected and organized. Quantitative research, on the other hand, was said to entail the proper application of statistics to typically a large number of subjects. Further, the points were made that while quantitative research is objective; qualitative research is subjective. Also, it was noted that quantitative research seeks explanatory laws; qualitative research aims at in-depth description.In addition, quantitative research was said to measures what it assumes to be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws while qualitative research is an exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic, shifting, interpretative reality. It was noted that due to the di ffering nature of the two research approaches, it is likely that the selection of which to use will depend upon the nature of the information sought by the researcher and the use to which this information will be put. Examples were offered showing the kind of research to which each method or a combination of methods are particularly suited.Finally, the point was made that while there appear to be large differences between the approach from a philosophical/conceptual position, in actual research, methods from both approaches are often used. Further, the standards set for conducting each particular type of research, especially quantitative research, are often not met. References Crowl, T. K. (1996). Fundamentals of educational research (2nd ed. ) Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark. Gall, M. D. , Borg, W. R. & Gall, J. P. (1996). Educational research: An introduction (6th ed. White Plains, NY: Longman. McKereghan, D. L. (1998). Quantitative versus qualitative research: An attempt to clar ify the problem. Document available at:http://socrates. fortunecity. com/qvq. html. Mertes, D. M. (1998). Research methods in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Wainwright, D. (1997). Can sociological research be qualitative, critical and valid? The Qualitative Report, 3(2). Document available: http://nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/wain. html.

A Literature Review On Bank Mergers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1797 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction This paper takes a look at effects of Bank Mergers in the UK. It also shows how banks are affected by mergers and their effects on retail interest rates and customers. It also takes a look at how bank mergers help bring about improvement which is passed on to the customers. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the effects of Bank Mergers. It also takes a look at the environmental factors which lead to the mergers taking place. Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is to analyse who the beneficiaries of a bank merger are and the cost analysis of the merger. It analyses the costs which are involved with the merger and its effects on the customer. The paper also deduces whether the retail interest rates are not influenced by the effects of mergers. Furthermore it also looks at how different banking products can be affected by mergers. The objectives of this work are: To review the extant conceptual frameworks and models associated with Bank Mergers To identify how mergers affect the relationship between banks and their customers To analyse the cost analysis associated with the mergers of Banks To understand the external factors which lead to mergers taking place between banks Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Literature Review On Bank Mergers" essay for you Create order Literature Review Bank Mergers are usually subjected to anti competition or antitrust laws if they are found to be limiting the field for competition. The key to a bank merger is that it should bring about benefits to the sector instead of restricting it. There should be synergy between banks instead of tightening the noose and making it tough for everyone. If there are no savings being passed on to the customers then there is no use of a bank merger. There have been scenarios where bank mergers were not permitted by the Competition Commission as the customers would not benefit from the merger. (Competition Commission 2001). The regulatory bodies have to ensure that all gains from the merger do not benefit the merged bank but are passed on to the customers. There is a lot of scrutiny when it comes to bank mergers and identifies the relationship between efficiency and price changes after a merger has taken place. According to Farrell and Shapiro (1990) prices and retail interest rates can fall only i f there were lower marginal costs before the merger of the two banks. Mergers are known to have failed if they dont bring about any savings or benefit to the customers. Mergers are not beneficial to the customer if the interest rates for customers are higher. The efficiency of merging banks influences the competition in the market. Bank mergers lead to bad conditions for the consumer if the merger does not promise efficiency. If a bank records efficiency gains after a merger then it brings about price improvements. Bank mergers tend to affect certain banking products in different ways. . Research Setting The research is based upon the UK retail banking market. It examines the large and small banks and takes a deep look at the mergers which took place over the last few years and the mergers which failed to take place. Both building societies and UK retail banks are analyzed as they all offer different retail banking services. The research only includes banks that are in the UK retail banking market. The research also takes a look at the mergers which occurred between the small building societies as it is easier to gather data for that. The research has limited adding the mergers between bigger banks. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to make sure that the research is conducted properly we have to set a number of key questions so that the research will be able to answer them. To identify how mergers affect the relationship between banks and their customers To analyse the cost analysis associated with the mergers of Banks To analyse the external forces which lead to mergers between banks RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This particular assignment follows the traditional research methodology which allows the research to be conducted in various layers one after the other. The first one is the philosophy of Positivism where a researcher adopts the stance of a scientist who has to evaluate everything in a philosophical manner and understands the evolutionary process of how things are done. The interpretivism philosophy is where things are created due to the interaction between individuals. The research looks at all the issues associated with mergers within the banking retail market. the data is gathered through proper research. There is the need to gather quantitative as well as qualitative data in order to prove the theories and conclusions. RESEARCH APPROACH The research is conducted by examining all the data in a systematic format. Most of the data is present in documentary format along with information available in various journals and papers. All the data needs to be interpreted in a proper organized manner and needs to be separated in order to get the gist of the research. RESEARCH STRATEGY This research paper takes an in-depth look at the effect of mergers between banks and how it affects the banking products in the UK. It also examines how it can affect the interest rates in the banking sector. The paper also takes a look at the external factors which push the market in favour of mergers. It examines factors such as bear market which leads to share prices falling, dire economic situation which lead to problems, bad balance sheets which lead to a drain of capital, mergers which take place mainly due to help two troubled banks i.e. Lloyds TSB and Halifax, losses suffered by the investment arm of banks, collapse of big corporations which lead to a domino effect, hedge funds making losses and lastly due to the insurance divisions which do not do well. It also examines how the retail interest rate is affected if a merger does not go well. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS It is essential for me to follow a proper code of conduct before going ahead with my research process. There is a fine line between ethical and unethical research. The information gathered will be done with the consent of everyone and no laws shall be broken to obtain the data. I shall ask all the people interviewed to sign waiver forms and to give me indemnity from any potential problems. A point to bear in mind is not to intimidate any of the subjects or to harass them in handing over vital information. DATA COLLECTION The plan is to contact all of the various building societies and a few of the big banks which merged in the not so recent past. I need to visit them all and collect information on the types of products they have. It would help to visit someone from the corporate headquarters as retail banks would not have the competent staff which would allow me to gather the information I need. Higher ranked officials at the various banks can only give me information about how their bank products were affected and how mergers in the retail banking sector leads to different interest rates. Data will be collated through both qualitative and quantitative questionnaires, series of interviews, documentary analysis. I would also need to do a walkthrough with people from the various banks and building societies so that I can get the right idea. The questionnaires will be quite straight forward and will only comprise of a few limited questions which are closed ended. The interview process will not take long and will only be a one on one session which is also close ended. The only problem is to schedule everything within a particular timeline. There are a lot of people to interview and that is one reason why it is crucial for me to limit the time I spend on all my interviews so that I can get everything done really fast. It is also interesting to know that both questionnaires and interviews will generate different answers so special attention will have to be paid to both. Document samples are a must to be collected from the various banks in the area. The data collected will be from both primary and secondary resources. Primary Data I will gather all the primary data by simply gathering all the information via personal visits to the various banks and building societies which have been created as a result of a merger between two banks. It will be useful to find out how the banks were able to change their policies and how the merger affected their interest rates. The cost analysis will also be done after taking a look at the before and after status of the merged entities. Bank personnel will be giving me their valuable time so it would help me save time by only sticking to close ended interviews for the session. This will make it easier for both parties. The banks should hopefully provide me with documents I need to support my work and allow me to create my quantitative data. Secondary data Secondary data will be gathered with the help of external sources. It is essential to check out proper databases which deal with the type of historical data required for my analysis of the retail banking sector. The best idea for me is to base my work conducted by a researcher on the same topic. It also helps to do a bit of reading up on the topic so that I would know what this research entails. It is obvious that I wont be able to get all my data from people so I would need to gather information from journals, databases, white papers, etc. some of the data can be cited from text found in the documents supplied by the banks. DATA ANALYSIS The data needs to be examined one by one so that mistakes are not made. There are plenty of key points which can be examined only by going through it with a fine tooth comb. Data can be analysed in the form of charts, tables etc. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Finally the research can be summarised as the sort who will allow me to understand why mergers take place between banks and how the retail banking sector is affected. I will be able to make my conclusions after I have gone over everything at the end of the study. TIME FRAME OF RESEARCH The research program needs to be conducted within a specific timeline. Due to limitation of time and the amount of legwork to be conducted I need to finish my research within 22 weeks. This gives me plenty of time for discovery and to jot all my information down on paper. If I do not finish my research on time it will delay everything and create various problems.

We Look For Employees Who Value Jadanco Housing Goals And...

OUR PEOPLE - We look for employees who value Jadanco Housing goals and purposes. OUR INTEGRITY - Ethical conduct is vital to Jadanco Housing and everything for which Jadanco H.A stands. OUR TEAMWORK - We share a common vision, working together to reach the best possible solutions. OUR QUALITY - We manage and maintain our properties to a standard that will always be a source of pride to the residents, the neighborhood and ourselves. OUR COMMITMENT – Jadanco Housing is not just another company, we are a public benefit corporation that serves a critical need today. Our founding purpose was to build affordable housing to create social justice. The employees are our most valuable resource to Jadanco H.A. Jadanco H.A is recognized†¦show more content†¦We seek partners, consultants and contractors whom we know we can trust and who likewise value openness and honesty. JHA Housing is a trusted organization. OUR TEAMWORK - Teamwork is critical to meet the challenges we face. We share a common vision, working together to reach the best possible solutions. We show respect and concern for each other, and encourage an atmosphere of friendly openness and mutual support. Each of our properties is a testament to the dedication, creativity and talents of our whole team. OUR QUALITY - JHA Housing developments are built to last. We build the highest possible quality housing within the means available. We develop housing as carefully as if we were going to live in it. OUR COMMITMENT - Housing is not just another company, we are a public benefit corporation that serves a critical need today. Our founding purpose was to build affordable housing to create social justice. With this goal comes commitment to social responsibility to Jadanco H. A. employees, our residents and our communities. Project Two: performance evaluations Performance Evaluation Session is from July 1 to September 15. All evaluations must be turned in to the Human Resources Office no later than September 15 of each fiscal year. If the deadline falls on a Holiday, weekend or business Closure day, all forms are due the workday before. To have the Performance Evaluations completed in a timely manner, Jadanco H.A. Human

Emotional Intelligence And Attribution Theory - 2033 Words

Introduction Communication is important not only in day-to day activities, but also in a career. Communication is the exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. This paper looks at the importance of emotional intelligence and attribution theory for a sales person in the energy industry. Moreover, it highlights evidence of improvement in both face to face interview and individual presentation. Two actions are also discussed that have the ability to enhance a career of a sales person in the energy industry. Emotional intelligence and attribution theory Emotional intelligence and the attribution theory contribute significantly to a student’s performance. In this regard, emotional intelligence refers to a student’s capacity to be aware of express, and control emotions while handling interpersonal relationships empathetically and judiciously. Emotional intelligence affects how an individual navigates various social complexities, manages behaviour and makes different personal decisions to get a positive outcome. The attribution theory, on the other hand, regards how human beings understand cases and how this relates to their behaviour and thinking (McLeod 2010). In other words, attribution theory presumes that people attempt to understand humans’ acts. Both the emotional intelligence and attribution theory will play a critical role in my success as I pursue my graduate career by enabling me to operate more effectively. Emotional intelligence AShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence and Locus of Control as Correlates of Career Choice in Business Education Among Undergraduates1266 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluencing career choice of undergraduates in Business Education, but none has focused on influence of emotional intelligence and locus of Control. 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Public Handwash, Why Should They And Why They Don’t Free Essays

Public Handwash, Why Should They And Why They Don’t Funny how little attention is paid to the importance of washing hands? After all, who does not know about it? Isnt it something we all learnt at a very tender age? It may appear to be a common sense thing. It is known that the hands are so much active in ones everyday life. It is the hands that touch everything and do all the work whether clean or dirty. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Handwash, Why Should They And Why They Don’t or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hands are therefore the routes through which germs and bacteria get their way into the body and eventually causing infections. According to Larson, et al, (2003), there is the need to always keep the hands clean and at all times. Keeping the hands clean prevents transmission of germs and prevents sickness and illnesses to oneself as well as to others. Others tend to trivialize the whole idea and overlook it. It is hard to believe the number of people who get their hands contaminated but will not wash them. Is washing of hands for some people? After all, some get dirtier than others, don’t they? What with the gardener, the mechanic and all those known to indulge in jobs known to be dirty? Is it only the young children who need to be reminded to wash their hands because they have been out playing? Is it only the women or those preparing food that should continuously wash their hands? Washing of hands is not for a particular kind of people but for everybody. This is so by the fact that everyone’s hands are contaminated from time to time. It is surprising though to realize that even such people as doctors and nurses go without washing hands, considering that they sing the monotonous song to everybody of washing hands. Are they not the role models? Don’t they understand the reason behind it more than any one else? Some people who are adversely affected by this are school children. They are known to be very playful and they tend to use their hands. This exposes them to the hazard of getting infected because they are likely to forget to wash their hands and come lunchtime, they will use the same hands to eat without even hint of what they might be taking in. The fact that there is public handwash indicates the essence of the washing of hands. It is not necessary that your hands be soiled so that you can be convinced to wash them. You will be surprised to know how much dirty your hands are, much as they may appear clean. Whether in the hospitals, schools or restaurants, washing of hands is mandatory. It is shocking to come to the realization that only few people wash their hands after visiting the toilet. Is it because of the notions that the people have about these public places? Most people are known to view these public toilets and washrooms as dirty places. Does this excuse them from washing their hands? There are numerous reasons that call for one to see to it that their hands are washed regardless of whether they appear dirty or not. Just like I have said above, one has no option but to ensure that his hands are washed immediately after visiting the toilet. This is because there are so many germs that are got here and failure to wash hands dictates spread of germs and bacteria known to cause sickness and illnesses. The human body is one source of harmful germs and so one should ensure that he has washed hands after touching bare human body. One should also make it a duty to wash hands after handling animals. This much affects people who have pets like cats and dogs. These animals are known to be the carry a lot of germs and bacteria harmful to ones health as they cause illnesses. Before handling any food, one must wash hands to avoid contaminating it. This prevents harmful germs from being transferred from the  Hands to the food and consequently into the body through the mouth, (Roberts, 2001). Again, it is essential that one wash the hands after coughing, sneezing or even scratching. It is unbelievable the germs that are transmitted through sneezing or coughing. There is the need to wash hands frequently because every one is likely to touch the eyes or nose or any other sensitive body part that is likely to cause transmission of the germs from the hands and causing diseases. Last but not least, one should ensure that hands have been washed after handling soiled equipment. The fact that the equipment is already soiled is a clear indication of the need to wash the hands. This brings us to the key reason of discussing public handwash: its importance! To begin with, handwashing is essential to stop the spread of germs and bacteria that cause infections. Preventing sicknesses and illnesses subsequently prevents you from missing classes, job or social activities. This is so in that you do not go down with any infection that may have been caused by the germs. Washing of hands is particularly mandatory for the hospital workers. As the truth is, they are constantly in contact with sick people who may be secreting body fluids. This increases the chances of the doctor or nurse to have hospital-acquired infections. It is therefore only wise for these health workers to wash their hands after every short while. Washing of hands not only keeps an individual safe from infections but it also keeps everyone else healthy. In The Journal, December 16,2006, it is promised that one cannot transmit germs from themselves to the next person as they have their hands washed and free from any germs. This applies largely in the context that one is preparing food for others. The chance of having germs transmitted from the hands to the food is drastically reduced owing to the fact that hands have been washed. People should always see to it that they have washed their hands before getting into the house. More applicable is the duty to wash hands before handling anything in the house. This ensures that no germs from outside have been brought into the house. I have always wondered why someone would think it ok to use the bathroom and comfortably check out without washing his or her hands. Don’t they know the kind of germs they can spread? I can bet women do it so acceptably; walking right out of the stall and out the exit door without so much as a care. Men on the other hand are not any better. In fact they are on the worse side. Now, someone has their hands on the same surfaces that you will be using soon after and still you don’t bother to wash your own hands after you are through? Something is just so wrong, or what shall I say about it? There are still people known not to wash their hands at all. Do these people have a valid reason why they should not? Aren’t they at the same risk with everyone else of contracting infections? One of the biggest reasons why some people don’t wash hands is if one is a man. Fewer men are known to wash their hands after visiting the public restroom than women. The crucial fact is that both men and women are at the same risk of getting infected with diseases if the hands are not washed. It is not so much that the men are incapable of contracting diseases but rather it is the issue about gender. The men see it as though it is only the women and childern who should have their hands washed while they overlook it altogether. It is disheartening when such simple task is not carried out as expected. Doesn’t it only require soap and water to have the whole thing done? Its not even like it takes long, yet it is a task not done by many. So much about people not feeling like washing their hands. It is very well known that some public restrooms and washrooms are not anything to write home about. In fact if the truth is to be told, they are so disgusting such that no one would wish to use them. This therefore becomes a reason why one would not use the public handwash facilities. Having talked about washing hands as a way of preventing spread of germs, it does not necessarily follow. By saying this, I want to bring into the limelight the fact that public handwashing may be a source of infections and affects the health of the community. Considering that there is universal use of soap and water, chances of spreading germs from one person to another are high. Thus handwashing becomes a problem in itself other than a problem solver. This therefore explains why many people would rather remain with dirty hands than expose them to greater danger. Everyone’s health is at this time put in danger as the rate at which the germs are to spread is quite high and the facilitators as well a in large numbers. It becomes apparent therefore that the best thing that one can do is to avoid it at all costs. There is the cost of medication to be looked into. This is the aftermath of handwashing and being infected with the germs that eventually cause diseases. The thought of visiting the hospital about a case of diarrhea is not at all pleasant. For it being a preventable illness indicates uncleanliness and poor hygiene. It would therefore be acceptable to deduce that while it is very much recommendable for one to wash their hands, there is also the need for great caution. In thinking that one is preventing germs and their spread, he may actually be getting more than he already has in his hands and thus exposing himself to danger of getting sick. Washing hands is therefore a very careful task that should not be overlooked or assumed (Curtis, 2002). Much as one might wash hands, it does not necessarily mean that they are really clean. One should then use the appropriate materials, which are clean water and soap. In doing so, one will be doing himself a lot of good and not just to himself but the other people as well. Just like we have seen, the other people’s health is very much affected by the individual’s hygiene. Public handwash is therefore both good and bad, as we have seen in the discussion above. This however does not mean that the public handwash should be done away with. References: Roberts, C. (2001). The food safety information handbook. Oryx Press. Larson, E., et al (2003). Short-and long-term effects of handwashing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community. Journal of community health, Vol.28 The journal (Newcastle, England,) (2006,December 16). How to avoid flu and colds this Christmas. Curtis, V. (2002,Oct): Health in your hands Lessons from building public-private partnerships for washing hands with soap, Retrieved September 29, 2007 from: http://www.globalhandwashing.org/Publications/Lessons_learntPart1.htm How to cite Public Handwash, Why Should They And Why They Don’t, Essay examples

A theatrical lens on the Holocaust Essay Example For Students

A theatrical lens on the Holocaust Essay In the third year of the united Germany, the positive consequences of reunification are obscured by ominous reports of marching neo-Nazis whose appeal to sympathetic bystanders, Germany for the Germans!, has encouraged average citizens to support violence against asylum-seekers. The boat is full, right-wing groups preach, as policemen and politicians appear unable to deter arsonists from attacking refugee shelters. When German politicians attribute such acts not to intolerance, but merely the expression of East German frustration at the existent social problems, we may question both the responsibility and sensitivity Germans have to their history and to their image abroad. Redefining the recent violence only vindicates the perpetrators. Was it then a victory for those dissatisfied citizens that the Bonn government struck a deal with Bucharest to deport Gypsies seeking asylum back to Romania? In 1992, the German proposal to transport a group of people they once deemed sub-human evokes haunting images of the past. These days, however, when ethnic cleansing in Bosnia continues without much foreign fuss, neighboring countries choose to close their borders to the flow of refugees from what was Yugoslavia. Perhaps this harsh climate has emboldened Germanys most recent actions, making officials forgetful of lessons past. IT IS PRECISELY such a climate that demands historical retrospection. The recent Berlin commemoration of Hitlers Wannsee Conference attempted such a task. It may seem grotesque that a German city would host a festival on Jewish Cultural Life only 50 years after Germany plotted the destruction of European Jews. But given the increasing skepticism of the other, the festival underscored an ongoing national debate, implying that all Germans are answerable to a mutual past marked by collaboration within totalitarian regimes. Supervised by the Berliner Festspiele and supported by state subsidies and donations from abroad, the four-month program of art, film, music and theatre reflected Jewish life in many guises. But above all, the events expressed a central preoccupation with Jewish-German history and its consequencesWorld War II and a divided Germany, the Shoah, Israel and the preservation of memory. These historical events are especially relevant within the tumult of post-unification Ge rmany. The festivals varied program included concerts, symposia and a significant exhibit on German-Jewish theatre artists during the Third Reich. Membership in the Juedischer Kulturbund enabled artists to practice their craft, but also forced them to collaborate in their artistic ghettoization. Surviving members of the Kulturbund attended Berlins festival to bear witness, while younger practitioners dramatized remembrances, revived docudrama and theatricalized Jewish fables. And the Israeli Akko and Chan theatres staged a second generations critical perspective on Israels relationship to the Holocaust and Palestinians. After Auschwitz and Buchenwald, it seems impossible for modern theatre artists to ignore the Shoah in their work. Even Moni Ovadias operatic The Golem, about a legendary protector of the Jews, is a reminder of those unprotected Jews who suffered pogroms. Ovadia relied on non-verbal means to evoke the Prague ghetto. Against a setting of cavernous silhouettes and a solitary gravestone, Klezmer musicians intoned an emotional spectrum from grief to joy. And in a melodic fusion of German, Yiddish and Hebrew prayer, Ovadia incorporated the eternal Jew. More directly associated with post-Holocaust experience are George Taboris biting comedies Mein Kampf and the Jewish Western, Weisman und Rotgesicht. Taboris combination of social commentary, popular myth and wit proves that theatre can comment on the Holocaust without alienating an audience. In the Western, Weisman is lost in the desert with a spastic daughter and a bag of ashes (his wife). Here, hold your mother, he tells his daughter. Tabori breaks through stereotype and taboo by making fun of them. Indian Joes entrance propels the action in the grotesquely funny comment on how society victimizes the outsider. At a high noon confrontation between an Indian with an identity-crisis and a Jew who survived Hitler, the audience can gasp, then laugh. For the shootout is a verbal competition of suffering from Redfaces My uncle was lynched in Disneyland! to Weismans My aunt was burned at Treblinka! .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .postImageUrl , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:hover , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:visited , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:active { border:0!important; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:active , .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05f3ecbe814358d2cf4f83b7331b90ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hitler and the Holocaust EssayTo what extent can and should a topic like Auschwitz be used as the basis for creativity? Neither Ovadia nor Tabori used the Holocaust as their main focus, but two other productions featured Auschwitz: Georg-Maria Pauens Love Song of the Alphabet from Auschwitz (adapted from Armand Gatti) and Akko Theatres Arbeit Macht Frei. Pauens work-in-progress depends on language to speak the unspeakable. The non-German actors play letters of the alphabet (in German). Having collaborated in the creation of Auschwitz for language and man are equal the letters reassemble to seek their raison detre in words. It becomes clear that M is missing: M is for music , medicine, Mengele and mankind. The letters collaboration in Auschwitz indicted society. But the alphabet now recreates the memory of Auschwitz and poeticizes Auschwitzman. Perhaps this is why the projects noble mission fails as performance. The semantic confusion of shifting meanings and fragmented description is restricted by spoken language. Love Songs nonverbal language of space, however, succeeded. Staged in Kreuzbergs Art-Center, spectators wandered through six rooms. The main acting area suggested a crematorium in its narrowness, bricks and red light. Other environments evoked the journey to the ovens: a living-room where spectators perched on packing-boxes, a room strewn with timbers for railroad tracks, and a room with planted dirt and grass. I left the scenic-reading with sharp recollections of these environments, but the performance-text giving back speech to the speechless seemed shallow. Unlike Pauens pontifications, David Maayans six-hour Arbeit Macht Frei did not theorize Auschwitz; it went beyond spoken language to express the memory of Auschwitz and how one remembers it. In this close-up theatre, actors mingled among spectators and shared a meal with the performers. Unquestionably, the unusual structure of the event added to its success: The city of Berlin became both backdrop and character in the production which began as a sightseeing tour. Thirty spectator-participants boarded a bus at the former site of the Gestapo, drove to the Villa-Wannsee museum, and spent Act 2 in the cellars of a dilapidated East-Berlin brewery. Behind locked electronic gates, guides led the audience through dank, labyrinthine corridors toward the smells of incense. Documentary footage of troops liberating concentration camps flickered on the rooms floor. The museum guide/survivor appeared underneath the light beam unbandaging her arm. She caressed and spat on her wound (a tattooed number from Auschwitz). And hurling herself onto the floor, she joined her body and memory with the film. This emblematic scene suggests the criticism with which these actors address Israels penchant for licking the wounds of the past. This startling accusation recurred. A caustic scene play ed literally on top of a cardboard mockup of Auschwitz ridiculed an Israeli school ceremonial for Holocaust victims. We are victims! sang the children against a cacophony of sound and images of war. Does Israel thrive on the German-directed horrors of the past? If Akkos actors were not Jews, they might be considered anti-Semites. But the actors did not trivialize the past, nor did they profess self-hatred. Their sympathy for survivors was obvious, even in the simulated rites of Israel and Nazi Germany (a mock selection of audience members, interrogations). Provocative scenes within an Israeli household, however, implied an intrinsic bond between Israeli life and the Holocaust that bordered on the grotesque. The actors undercut sentimentality with irony, de-poeticized images through nudity, and thus created a carnivalesque finale: a hellish orgy of Shoah business. It is risky to contemplate Auschwitz through a theatrical lens. Imposing artistic concepts on the Holocaust may result in trivializing the horrific. The inadequacy of words to express the inexpressible suggests that nonverbal means are necessary to convey a metaphor, mood or memory of the Shoah. Akkos theatrical statement about Auschwitz engaged both the senses and the intellect. It was especially resonant with the bitter irony of history in the theatrical locus Berlin the city where Auschwitz was conceived. Fifty years later, the recently burned-out memorial at the former concentration camp, Sachsenhausen just outside of Berlin indicates the more disturbing irony of German history: The Germans, presumably, have not understood the importance of preserving memory.